Political unrest is a broad term for a range of violent and non-violent activities that are characterized by collective action or a sense of injustice. It may encompass protests and rioting but can also include boycotts, strikes, civil disobedience and other forms of peaceful resistance. These activities can cause economic disruption and result in injuries or deaths. Political instability can destabilise a region and trigger economic and humanitarian crisis.
Political repression and suppression of freedom of speech, assembly, or expression can exacerbate frustration and feelings of marginalization. These can lead to political unrest when government officials fail to address legitimate grievances or concerns. Economic hardships can lead to feelings of powerlessness and vulnerability, making individuals more susceptible to radical ideologies or the actions of extremist groups. Ethnic and religious identities can be manipulated to fuel violence, or long-standing animosities can resurface in contemporary conflict.
Environmental change can exacerbate tensions by threatening livelihoods and increasing competition for dwindling resources. High youth unemployment can contribute to feelings of hopelessness and alienation, putting them at higher risk for recruitment by extremist groups. Foreign intervention can aggravate existing conflicts or create new ones. Geopolitical interests can compel foreign governments to intervene in areas that are outside their national boundaries, often with unintended consequences.
In some cases, civil unrest can turn into a revolution and lead to the use of force. When this happens, students are advised to consider leaving a location if the unrest significantly deteriorates the security environment or makes it difficult to access essential services like health care and transportation.
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